Vergin argues that . Rather, political outcomes emerge from a dynamic interplay of micro‑level habitus (the dispositions of individuals) and macro‑level structures (institutional configurations, economic stratification, and global flows). This “relational” stance draws heavily on Bourdieu’s habitus‑field theory while simultaneously critiquing its Eurocentric bias. Vergin therefore proposes a “Turkic relational model” that integrates (i) historical legacies of Ottoman polity, (ii) contemporary neoliberal reforms, and (iii) the digital transformation of civic engagement.