(Book, 2022): Published by Elsevier , this text summarizes recent developments in using data to optimize fuel formulations and combustion systems. 3. Combustion Strategies for Efficiency
If you want to see the real-world difference between factory settings and aftermarket tuning: A Comparative Review of OEM and Aftermarket ECUs
Fact: When you drive normally, a good tune improves fuel economy. Factory ECUs run rich (safe) at heavy part-throttle. A custom tune leans out these areas, increasing thermal efficiency. The fuel economy drops only when you push the pedal—because you are asking for more power.