The PA 2.0 professional is no longer a rule‑following clerk nor a NPM contract manager, but a . Core competencies include:
The study and practice of how governments operate has never been static. From the ancient bureaucracies of China and Egypt to the rigid hierarchies of the early 20th century, the machinery of the state has constantly adapted to the shifting needs of society. Today, we stand firmly in the era of —a transformative phase that redefines the relationship between the state and its citizens. public administration 2
6 Elements of Public Administration | Norwich University - Online The PA 2
Strict adherence to written rules, which minimized flexibility but ensured predictability. New Public Management (NPM) Today, we stand firmly in the era of
Traditional public administration (PA 1.0) was built on Weberian bureaucracy, Wilsonian politics-administration dichotomy, and Taylorist efficiency. The New Public Management (NPM) era (PA 1.5) introduced market mechanisms. Today, we stand at the threshold of Public Administration 2.0—a paradigm shift driven by artificial intelligence, real-time data analytics, distributed ledgers, and behavioral insights. This piece explores the architecture, promises, and perils of the algorithmic state, arguing that PA 2.0 must balance three pillars: predictive efficiency , participatory transparency , and algorithmic accountability .
Transitioning an entire administrative system is not a software upgrade. Here is a phased approach: