Polixeni: Fountas !!top!!

By removing the facial expression, Fountas forced the viewer to stop looking for adult emotions in children. Instead, we see the child as a creature of pure being—alien, unknowable, and autonomous. She was heavily influenced by the historian Philippe Ariès, who argued that "childhood" is a modern invention. Fountas visualized this argument: she showed us that children are not miniature adults, nor blank slates, but complex citizens of a parallel universe we have forgotten how to enter.