Carroll’s review solidifies his four-factor model, which remains the bedrock of the field: Phonemic Coding Ability
Erlam (2005) found that learners with high grammatical sensitivity (a subcomponent of aptitude) performed better after explicit deductive instruction, whereas learners with high rote memory skills benefited equally from inductive instruction. More recently, Vatz et al. (2013) showed that high-analytic learners excel with explicit corrective feedback, while learners with strong phonetic coding ability benefit more from recasts. twenty-five years of research on foreign language aptitude
The skill to infer rules and patterns from new linguistic materials with minimal guidance. The skill to infer rules and patterns from
Robinson argued that the traditional tests failed to differentiate between the cognitive demands of various learning tasks. He proposed the , suggesting that different learning conditions (e.g., implicit learning vs. explicit rule-searching) require different constellations of cognitive abilities. Research in this period identified several key "clusters" of aptitude: suggesting that different learning conditions (e.g.