Ap Biology Formula Sheet //free\\

: Formula and critical values table used to test if observed data fits expected results (e.g., in genetics or ecology). Laws of Probability

) is used to see if observed data aligns with expected results, such as in genetic crosses. The sheet also provides a to help you find critical values based on degrees of freedom. Laws of Probability : Addition Rule : For mutually exclusive events Multiplication Rule : For independent events 2. Evolution and Population Genetics ap biology formula sheet

Note: The sheet does include surface area, volume, pH, or Gibbs free energy formulas (those are assumed prior knowledge). : Formula and critical values table used to

| Formula | Purpose | | :--- | :--- | | = $\sum \frac(O-E)^2E$ | Tests goodness of fit between observed and expected outcomes (e.g., Mendelian ratios). | | Hardy-Weinberg Equations | | | $p + q = 1$ | $p$ = frequency of dominant allele, $q$ = frequency of recessive allele. | | $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$ | $p^2$ = frequency of homozygous dominant, $2pq$ = heterozygous, $q^2$ = homozygous recessive. | Laws of Probability : Addition Rule : For

The sheet also provides an explicit formula for logistic growth: dN/dt = rm * N * ((K-N)/K) .