In pure thermodynamics, ( Q ) is assumed reversible for ideal cycles (Carnot). In real heat transfer, irreversibilities (finite temperature differences, friction) generate entropy. A superior PDF will teach you to calculate —the lost work potential due to irreversible heat transfer.
Rotational energy from a turbine or motor. engineering thermodynamics work and heat transfer pdf
You may actually want these (which do cover solids thoroughly): In pure thermodynamics, ( Q ) is assumed
I cannot provide a direct copyrighted PDF here, but legal ways to access it include: In pure thermodynamics