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: Various uprisings seeking to return the caliphate to the family of Ali, including the movement of the Penitents ( Tawwabun ) and the revolt of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi in Kufa.

📜 After the death of Mu‘awiyah, the Muslim world fractured. Yazid’s succession, the tragedy of Karbala (680 CE), and the siege of Mecca by al-Hajjaj led to years of conflict. Key figures: Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. The Second Fitna reshaped dynastic legitimacy, military tactics, and sectarian identities. 🕰️ 680–692 CE – From Yazid’s rise to the death of Ibn al-Zubayr. Want deeper analysis? Let me know 👇 alftnt althanyt

The solidified the Umayyad dynasty's transition into a centralized empire. It also deepened the division between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims and led to significant administrative reforms, including the Arabization of the bureaucracy and the introduction of a unified Islamic coinage. الفتنة الثانية - ويكيبيديا : Various uprisings seeking to return the caliphate